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What is a black hole?

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A black hole is a region where matter has collapsed so densely that gravity overwhelms everything, and inside a boundary called the event horizon, escape would require exceeding the speed of light, which nothing can. The common ones form when massive stars exhaust their fuel and implode; the monsters, millions to billions of times the sun's mass, sit at the centers of galaxies, including Sagittarius A* in ours.

The first thing to unlearn: black holes do not vacuum up the universe. Their gravity follows the same rules as anything else with mass; replace the sun with an equal-mass black hole and Earth's orbit would not change, though the weather would.

None of this is speculative anymore. The Event Horizon Telescope photographed the shadow of M87's black hole in 2019 and Sagittarius A* in 2022, and LIGO routinely hears black holes colliding through the gravitational waves the crashes send across space.

A black hole is matter crushed so dense that within a boundary called the event horizon, not even light moves fast enough to escape. They do not suck; they just have gravity, and we have photographed two.
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